In 12c Oracle improved this algorithm allowing the generation of Frequency and the new Top Frequency histogram types in a single pass. The new Hybrid histogram type still requires a separate pass.
11g always required a separate pass per histogram to be created - no matter what type of histogram (in 11g there was only Frequency and Height-Balanced) - which resulted in a quite aggressive sampling used for that purpose to minimize the time and resource usage for those separate passes, typically just using 5,500 rows and only sized up in case there were many NULL values (which is a very small sample size for larger tables). Note that this aggressive sampling only applies to the new "approximate NDV" code path - if you specify any explicit ESTIMATE_PERCENT Oracle uses the old code (which requires sorting for determining the NDV figure) and therefore the separate passes required to generate histograms are based on the same sampling percentage as used for the basic table and column statistics - actually Oracle can create a Global Temporary Table in a separate pass covering the required data from several columns in this case to avoid repeatedly scanning the table again and again.
I've recently came across an edge case at a client that showed that the new code has a flaw in the special case of columns that only have a single value on table or (sub)partition level.
First of all in my opinion in this special case of a column having only a single value a (Frequency) histogram doesn't add any value - everything required can be determined from the basic column statistics anyway - low and high value are the same, NDV is 1 and the number of NULLs should be all that is needed for proper cardinality estimates on such columns.
Now the new code path seems to be quite happy to generate histograms on all kinds of columns with low number of distinct values, be it useful or not. Since starting with 12c these histograms should all be covered by the main pass - since they can be represented by Frequency histograms when using the default bucket size of 254 - arguably there isn't much overhead in creating them, so why bother.
However, there is a flaw in the code: When the column has just a single value, then the code for some (unknown) reason determines that it requires a separate pass to generate a histogram and doesn't make use of the information already gathered as part of the main pass - which should hold everything needed.
So Oracle runs a separate pass to gather information for this histogram. Usually this doesn't make much difference, but this separate pass is no longer using the 100% data but resorts to the aggressive sampling as outlined above - if applicable. So usually it might just take those 5,500 rows to create a Frequency histogram on this single value column.
But in the edge case of such a single valued column that is NULL for the majority rows, the code recognizes this and no longer uses the aggressive sampling. Instead - probably depending on the number of NULLs - it needs to read a larger proportion of the table to find some non-NULL data.
In the case of my client this was a very large table, had numerous of such special edge case columns (single valued, NULL for most of the rows) which resulted in dozens of non-sampled full table scans of this very large table taking several days to complete.
When enabling the DBMS_STATS specific tracing the behaviour can be reproduced on the latest available versions (19.3 in my case here) - I've used the following test case to test four different scenarios and how the code behaved:
set echo on serveroutput on size unlimited lines 800 long 800
select * from v$version;
exec dbms_stats.set_global_prefs('TRACE', 1048575)
-- Testcase 1: Single distinct value, almost all values are NULL except three rows
-- This scenario triggers a separate query to generate a histogram using no (!!) sampling
drop table test_stats purge;
create table test_stats
as
select /*+ NO_GATHER_OPTIMIZER_STATISTICS */
rownum as id,
case when rownum <= 3 then 1 else null end as almost_null
from
(select /*+ cardinality(1000) */ null from dual connect by level <= 1000) a,
(select /*+ cardinality(1000) */ null from dual connect by level <= 1000) b
;
exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(null, 'test_stats', method_opt => 'for columns size 1 id for columns size 254 almost_null')
-- Testcase 2: Single distinct value, but only three rows are NULL
-- This scenario triggers a separate query to generate a histogram but using the usual aggressive sampling (5500 rows)
drop table test_stats purge;
create table test_stats
as
select /*+ NO_GATHER_OPTIMIZER_STATISTICS */
rownum as id,
case when rownum > 3 then 1 else null end as almost_null
from
(select /*+ cardinality(1000) */ null from dual connect by level <= 1000) a,
(select /*+ cardinality(1000) */ null from dual connect by level <= 1000) b
;
exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(null, 'test_stats', method_opt => 'for columns size 1 id for columns size 254 almost_null')
-- Testcase 3: 11 distinct values, but only three rows are NULL
-- This scenario extracts the values directly from the ROWIDs returned from the main query, no separate query
drop table test_stats purge;
create table test_stats
as
select /*+ NO_GATHER_OPTIMIZER_STATISTICS */
rownum as id,
case when rownum > 3 then trunc(rownum / 100000) else null end as almost_null
from
(select /*+ cardinality(1000) */ null from dual connect by level <= 1000) a,
(select /*+ cardinality(1000) */ null from dual connect by level <= 1000) b
;
exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(null, 'test_stats', method_opt => 'for columns size 1 id for columns size 254 almost_null')
-- Testcase 4: Three distinct values in three rows and all other rows have NULL
-- This scenario extracts the values directly from the ROWIDs returned from the main query, no separate query
-- Applies to two distinct values, too
-- So a single distinct value looks like a special case that triggers a separate query
-- If this is with combination of almost all rows having NULLs this query doesn't use sampling
-- ! Big threat if the table is big !
drop table test_stats purge;
create table test_stats
as
select /*+ NO_GATHER_OPTIMIZER_STATISTICS */
rownum as id,
case when rownum <= 2 then rownum else null end as almost_null
from
(select /*+ cardinality(1000) */ null from dual connect by level <= 1000) a,
(select /*+ cardinality(1000) */ null from dual connect by level <= 1000) b
;
exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(null, 'test_stats', method_opt => 'for columns size 1 id for columns size 254 almost_null')
And the output from 19.3 looks like this - the critical parts highlighted in red and bold:
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Mon Aug 19 17:07:42 2019
Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Verbunden mit:
Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
USERNAME INST_NAME HOST_NAME SID SERIAL# VERSION STARTED SPID OPID CPID SADDR PADDR
-------------------- ------------ ------------------------- ----- -------- ---------- -------- --------------- ----- --------------- ---------------- ----------------
CBO_TEST orcl19c DELLXPS13 394 51553 19.0.0.0.0 20190819 4192 59 6232:10348 00007FFDE6AE6478 00007FFDE6573A48
SQL>
SQL> select * from v$version;
BANNER BANNER_FULL BANNER_LEGACY CON_ID
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production 0
Version 19.3.0.0.0
SQL>
SQL> exec dbms_stats.set_global_prefs('TRACE', 1048575)
PL/SQL-Prozedur erfolgreich abgeschlossen.
SQL>
SQL> -- Testcase 1: Single distinct value, almost all values are NULL except three rows
SQL> -- This scenario triggers a separate query to generate a histogram using no (!!) sampling
SQL> drop table test_stats purge;
drop table test_stats purge
*
FEHLER in Zeile 1:
ORA-00942: Tabelle oder View nicht vorhanden
SQL>
SQL> create table test_stats
2 as
3 select /*+ NO_GATHER_OPTIMIZER_STATISTICS */
4 rownum as id,
5 case when rownum <= 3 then 1 else null end as almost_null
6 from
7 (select /*+ cardinality(1000) */ null from dual connect by level <= 1000) a,
8 (select /*+ cardinality(1000) */ null from dual connect by level <= 1000) b
9 ;
Tabelle wurde erstellt.
SQL>
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(null, 'test_stats', method_opt => 'for columns size 1 id for columns size 254 almost_null')
DBMS_STATS: Record gather table stats operation on table : test_stats
DBMS_STATS: job name:
DBMS_STATS: |--> Operation id: 223
DBMS_STATS: gather_table_stats:
0
1000000
1000000
6
1001984
1000000
3979802
1
Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
2
Typ=2 Len=2: c4,2
3
3
0
1
3
6
1
AAARzUAAPAAAACBAAA,3,
4
Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
5
Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 1
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ID 3979802 1000000 NULL NULL NULL 1001984 NULL 0 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min:
DBMS_STATS: max:
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 2
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ALMOST_NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL 7 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min:
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 2
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ALMOST_NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL 7 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 1
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ID 3979802 1000000 NULL NULL NULL 1001984 NULL 0 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max:
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 1
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ID 3979802 1000000 NULL NULL NULL 1001984 NULL 0 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c4,2
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 2
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ALMOST_NULL 6 3 NULL NULL NULL 1 NULL 7 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: start processing top n values for column "ALMOST_NULL"
DBMS_STATS: >> frequency histograms is not feasible
(dbms_lob.getlength(topn_values) <=
length()), skip!
DBMS_STATS: no histogram: setting density to 1/ndv (,000001)
DBMS_STATS: no histogram: setting density to 1/ndv (1)
DBMS_STATS: Iteration: 1 numhist: 1
DBMS_STATS: Iteration 1, percentage 100 nblks: 1520
DBMS_STATS: NNV NDV AVG MMX HST EP RP NNNP IND CNDV HSTN HSTR COLNAME
DBMS_STATS: Y ID
DBMS_STATS: Y Y Y Y ALMOST_NULL
Specified DOP=1 blocks=1520 DOP used=1
DBMS_STATS: Building Histogram for ALMOST_NULL
DBMS_STATS: bktnum=254, nnv=3, snnv=3, sndv=1, est_ndv=1, mnb=254
DBMS_STATS: Trying frequency histogram
DBMS_STATS: Starting query at 19.08.19 17:07:43,652000000 +02:00
DBMS_STATS: select substrb(dump(val,16,0,64),1,240) ep, cnt from (select /*+ no_expand_table(t) index_rs(t) no_parallel(t) no_parallel_index(t) dbms_stats cursor_sharing_exact use_weak_name_resl dynamic_sampling(0) no_monitoring xmlindex_sel_idx_tbl opt_param('optimizer_inmemory_aware' 'false') no_substrb_pad */"ALMOST_NULL" val,count(*) cnt from "CBO_TEST"."TEST_STATS" t where "ALMOST_NULL" is not null group by "ALMOST_NULL") order by val
DBMS_STATS: Evaluating frequency histogram for col: "ALMOST_NULL"
DBMS_STATS: number of values = 1, max # of buckects = 254, pct = 100, ssize = 3
DBMS_STATS: csr.hreq: 1 Histogram gathering flags: 1031
DBMS_STATS: Start fill_cstats - hybrid_enabled: TRUE
DBMS_STATS: ====================================================================================================
DBMS_STATS: Statistics from clist for CBO_TEST.TEST_STATS:
DBMS_STATS: ====================================================================================================
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ID 4,979802 1000000 0 1000000 1000000 1000000 ,000001 0 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c4,2
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ALMOST_NULL 1,000006 3 999997 3 1 1 ,16666666 1030 1 1
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: Histograms:
DBMS_STATS: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: BVAL RPCNT EAVAL ENVAL EDVAL
DBMS_STATS: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: 3 C102 1 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: Need Actual Values (DSC_EAVS)
DBMS_STATS: Histogram Type: FREQUENCY Data Type: 2
DBMS_STATS: Histogram Flags: 4100 Histogram Gathering Flags: 1030
DBMS_STATS: Incremental: FALSE Fix Control 13583722: 1
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: Number of rows in the table = 1000000, blocks = , average row length = 6, chain count = , scan rate = 0, sample size = 1000000, cstats.count = 3, cind = 3
DBMS_STATS: prepare reporting structures...
DBMS_STATS: gather_ext_col_stats 1: tbl_owner=CBO_TEST tbl_name=TEST_STATS col_name=ID part_name= granularity=GLOBAL AND PARTITION
DBMS_STATS: gather_ext_col_stats 1: tbl_owner=CBO_TEST tbl_name=TEST_STATS col_name=ALMOST_NULL part_name= granularity=GLOBAL AND PARTITION
DBMS_STATS: End of construct analyze using sql.
DBMS_STATS: Finished table CBO_TEST.TEST_STATS. at 19.08.19 17:07:43,761000000 +02:00
DBMS_STATS: reporting_man_update_task: objn: 72916 auto_stats: FALSE status: COMPLETED ctx.batching_coeff: 0
PL/SQL-Prozedur erfolgreich abgeschlossen.
SQL>
SQL> -- Testcase 2: Single distinct value, but only three rows are NULL
SQL> -- This scenario triggers a separate query to generate a histogram but using the usual aggressive sampling (5500 rows)
SQL> drop table test_stats purge;
Tabelle wurde geloscht.
SQL>
SQL> create table test_stats
2 as
3 select /*+ NO_GATHER_OPTIMIZER_STATISTICS */
4 rownum as id,
5 case when rownum > 3 then 1 else null end as almost_null
6 from
7 (select /*+ cardinality(1000) */ null from dual connect by level <= 1000) a,
8 (select /*+ cardinality(1000) */ null from dual connect by level <= 1000) b
9 ;
Tabelle wurde erstellt.
SQL>
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(null, 'test_stats', method_opt => 'for columns size 1 id for columns size 254 almost_null')
DBMS_STATS: Record gather table stats operation on table : test_stats
DBMS_STATS: job name:
DBMS_STATS: |--> Operation id: 224
DBMS_STATS: gather_table_stats:
0
1000000
1000000
6
1001984
1000000
3979802
1
Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
2
Typ=2 Len=2: c4,2
3
999997
0
1
999997
1999994
1
AAARzYAAPAAAACBAAD,999997,
4
Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
5
Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 1
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ID 3979802 1000000 NULL NULL NULL 1001984 NULL 0 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min:
DBMS_STATS: max:
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 2
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ALMOST_NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL 7 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min:
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 2
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ALMOST_NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL 7 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 1
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ID 3979802 1000000 NULL NULL NULL 1001984 NULL 0 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max:
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 1
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ID 3979802 1000000 NULL NULL NULL 1001984 NULL 0 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c4,2
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 2
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ALMOST_NULL 1999994 999997 NULL NULL NULL 1 NULL 7 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: start processing top n values for column "ALMOST_NULL"
DBMS_STATS: >> frequency histograms is not feasible
(dbms_lob.getlength(topn_values) <=
length()), skip!
DBMS_STATS: no histogram: setting density to 1/ndv (,000001)
DBMS_STATS: no histogram: setting density to 1/ndv (1)
DBMS_STATS: Iteration: 1 numhist: 1
DBMS_STATS: Iteration 1, percentage ,5500016500049500148500445501336504009512 nblks: 1794
DBMS_STATS: NNV NDV AVG MMX HST EP RP NNNP IND CNDV HSTN HSTR COLNAME
DBMS_STATS: Y ID
DBMS_STATS: Y Y Y Y ALMOST_NULL
Specified DOP=1 blocks=1794 DOP used=1
DBMS_STATS: Building Histogram for ALMOST_NULL
DBMS_STATS: bktnum=254, nnv=999997, snnv=5500, sndv=1, est_ndv=1, mnb=254
DBMS_STATS: Trying frequency histogram
DBMS_STATS: Starting query at 19.08.19 17:07:44,730000000 +02:00
DBMS_STATS: select substrb(dump(val,16,0,64),1,240) ep, cnt from (select /*+ no_expand_table(t) index_rs(t) no_parallel(t) no_parallel_index(t) dbms_stats cursor_sharing_exact use_weak_name_resl dynamic_sampling(0) no_monitoring xmlindex_sel_idx_tbl opt_param('optimizer_inmemory_aware' 'false') no_substrb_pad */"ALMOST_NULL" val,count(*) cnt from "CBO_TEST"."TEST_STATS" sample ( .5500016500) t where "ALMOST_NULL" is not null group by "ALMOST_NULL") order by val
DBMS_STATS: Evaluating frequency histogram for col: "ALMOST_NULL"
DBMS_STATS: number of values = 1, max # of buckects = 254, pct = ,5500016500049500148500445501336504009512, ssize = 5499
DBMS_STATS: csr.hreq: 1 Histogram gathering flags: 1031
DBMS_STATS: Start fill_cstats - hybrid_enabled: TRUE
DBMS_STATS: ====================================================================================================
DBMS_STATS: Statistics from clist for CBO_TEST.TEST_STATS:
DBMS_STATS: ====================================================================================================
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ID 4,979802 1000000 0 1000000 1000000 1000000 ,000001 0 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c4,2
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ALMOST_NULL 2,999994 999997 3 5499 1 1 ,00000050 1030 1 1
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: Histograms:
DBMS_STATS: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: BVAL RPCNT EAVAL ENVAL EDVAL
DBMS_STATS: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: 5499 C102 1 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: Need Actual Values (DSC_EAVS)
DBMS_STATS: Histogram Type: FREQUENCY Data Type: 2
DBMS_STATS: Histogram Flags: 4100 Histogram Gathering Flags: 1030
DBMS_STATS: Incremental: FALSE Fix Control 13583722: 1
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: Number of rows in the table = 1000000, blocks = , average row length = 8, chain count = , scan rate = 0, sample size = 1000000, cstats.count = 3, cind = 3
DBMS_STATS: prepare reporting structures...
DBMS_STATS: gather_ext_col_stats 1: tbl_owner=CBO_TEST tbl_name=TEST_STATS col_name=ID part_name= granularity=GLOBAL AND PARTITION
DBMS_STATS: gather_ext_col_stats 1: tbl_owner=CBO_TEST tbl_name=TEST_STATS col_name=ALMOST_NULL part_name= granularity=GLOBAL AND PARTITION
DBMS_STATS: End of construct analyze using sql.
DBMS_STATS: Finished table CBO_TEST.TEST_STATS. at 19.08.19 17:07:44,761000000 +02:00
DBMS_STATS: reporting_man_update_task: objn: 72920 auto_stats: FALSE status: COMPLETED ctx.batching_coeff: 0
PL/SQL-Prozedur erfolgreich abgeschlossen.
SQL>
SQL> -- Testcase 3: 11 distinct values, but only three rows are NULL
SQL> -- This scenario extracts the values directly from the ROWIDs returned from the main query, no separate query
SQL> drop table test_stats purge;
Tabelle wurde geloscht.
SQL>
SQL> create table test_stats
2 as
3 select /*+ NO_GATHER_OPTIMIZER_STATISTICS */
4 rownum as id,
5 case when rownum > 3 then trunc(rownum / 100000) else null end as almost_null
6 from
7 (select /*+ cardinality(1000) */ null from dual connect by level <= 1000) a,
8 (select /*+ cardinality(1000) */ null from dual connect by level <= 1000) b
9 ;
Tabelle wurde erstellt.
SQL>
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(null, 'test_stats', method_opt => 'for columns size 1 id for columns size 254 almost_null')
DBMS_STATS: Record gather table stats operation on table : test_stats
DBMS_STATS: job name:
DBMS_STATS: |--> Operation id: 225
DBMS_STATS: gather_table_stats:
0
1000000
1000000
6
1001984
1000000
3979802
1
Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
2
Typ=2 Len=2: c4,2
3
999997
0
11
999997
1899998
11
AAARzZAAPAAAAVaAFp,100000,AAARzZAAPAAAANAAAb,100000,AAARzZAAPAAAAKMAEf,100000,AAARzZAAPAAAAHYAIj,100000,AAARzZAAPAAAASnABA,100000,AAARzZAAPAAAAbBAGO,100000,AAARzZAAPAAAAYOABl,100000,AAARzZAAPAAAAElAEP,100000,AAARzZAAPAAAAPzAFE,100000,AAARzZAAPAAAACBAAD,99996,AAARzZAAPAAAAd1ACK,1,
4
Typ=2 Len=1: 80
5
Typ=2 Len=2: c1,b
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 1
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ID 3979802 1000000 NULL NULL NULL 1001984 NULL 0 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min:
DBMS_STATS: max:
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 2
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ALMOST_NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL 7 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min:
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,b
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 2
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ALMOST_NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL 7 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=1: 80
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,b
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 1
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ID 3979802 1000000 NULL NULL NULL 1001984 NULL 0 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max:
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 1
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ID 3979802 1000000 NULL NULL NULL 1001984 NULL 0 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c4,2
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 2
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ALMOST_NULL 1899998 999997 NULL NULL NULL 11 NULL 7 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=1: 80
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,b
DBMS_STATS: start processing top n values for column "ALMOST_NULL"
DBMS_STATS: Parsing topn values..
DBMS_STATS: Extracted 11 rowid-freq pairs.
DBMS_STATS: topn sql (len: 744):
DBMS_STATS: +++ select /*+ no_parallel(t) no_parallel_index(t) dbms_stats cursor_sharing_exact use_weak_name_resl dynamic_sampling(0) no_monitoring xmlindex_sel_idx_tbl opt_param('optimizer_inmemory_aware' 'false') no_substrb_pad */ substrb(dump("ALMOST_NULL",16,0,64),1,240) d_1773304655, rowidtochar(rowid) rwid from "CBO_TEST"."TEST_STATS" t where rowid in (chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAACBAAD'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAAElAEP'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAAHYAIj'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAAKMAEf'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAANAAAb'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAAPzAFE'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAASnABA'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAAVaAFp'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAAYOABl'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAAbBAGO'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAAd1ACK')) order by "ALMOST_NULL"
DBMS_STATS: start executing top n value query..
DBMS_STATS: Starting query at 19.08.19 17:07:45,667000000 +02:00
DBMS_STATS: select /*+ no_parallel(t) no_parallel_index(t) dbms_stats cursor_sharing_exact use_weak_name_resl dynamic_sampling(0) no_monitoring xmlindex_sel_idx_tbl opt_param('optimizer_inmemory_aware' 'false') no_substrb_pad */ substrb(dump("ALMOST_NULL",16,0,64),1,240) d_1773304655, rowidtochar(rowid) rwid from "CBO_TEST"."TEST_STATS" t where rowid in (chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAACBAAD'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAAElAEP'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAAHYAIj'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAAKMAEf'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAANAAAb'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAAPzAFE'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAASnABA'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAAVaAFp'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAAYOABl'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAAbBAGO'),chartorowid('AAARzZAAPAAAAd1ACK')) order by "ALMOST_NULL"
DBMS_STATS: removal_count: -243 total_nonnull_rows: 999997 mnb: 254
DBMS_STATS: hist_type in exec_get_topn: 1024 ndv:11 mnb:254
DBMS_STATS: Evaluating frequency histogram for col: "ALMOST_NULL"
DBMS_STATS: number of values = 11, max # of buckects = 254, pct = 100, ssize = 999997
DBMS_STATS: csr.hreq: 1 Histogram gathering flags: 1031
DBMS_STATS: done_hist in process_topn: TRUE csr.ccnt: 1
DBMS_STATS: Mark column "ALMOST_NULL" as top N computed
DBMS_STATS: no histogram: setting density to 1/ndv (,000001)
DBMS_STATS: Skip topn computed column "ALMOST_NULL" numhist: 0
DBMS_STATS: Start fill_cstats - hybrid_enabled: TRUE
DBMS_STATS: ====================================================================================================
DBMS_STATS: Statistics from clist for CBO_TEST.TEST_STATS:
DBMS_STATS: ====================================================================================================
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ID 4,979802 1000000 0 1000000 1000000 1000000 ,000001 0 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c4,2
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ALMOST_NULL 2,899998 999997 3 999997 11 11 ,00000050 1286 1 1
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=1: 80
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,b
DBMS_STATS: Histograms:
DBMS_STATS: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: BVAL RPCNT EAVAL ENVAL EDVAL
DBMS_STATS: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: 99996 80 0 Typ=2 Len=1: 80
DBMS_STATS: 199996 C102 1 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: 299996 C103 2 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,3
DBMS_STATS: 399996 C104 3 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,4
DBMS_STATS: 499996 C105 4 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,5
DBMS_STATS: 599996 C106 5 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,6
DBMS_STATS: 699996 C107 6 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,7
DBMS_STATS: 799996 C108 7 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,8
DBMS_STATS: 899996 C109 8 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,9
DBMS_STATS: 999996 C10A 9 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,a
DBMS_STATS: 999997 C10B 10 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,b
DBMS_STATS: Need Actual Values (DSC_EAVS)
DBMS_STATS: Histogram Type: FREQUENCY Data Type: 2
DBMS_STATS: Histogram Flags: 4100 Histogram Gathering Flags: 1286
DBMS_STATS: Incremental: FALSE Fix Control 13583722: 1
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: Number of rows in the table = 1000000, blocks = , average row length = 8, chain count = , scan rate = 0, sample size = 1000000, cstats.count = 13, cind = 13
DBMS_STATS: prepare reporting structures...
DBMS_STATS: gather_ext_col_stats 1: tbl_owner=CBO_TEST tbl_name=TEST_STATS col_name=ID part_name= granularity=GLOBAL AND PARTITION
DBMS_STATS: gather_ext_col_stats 1: tbl_owner=CBO_TEST tbl_name=TEST_STATS col_name=ALMOST_NULL part_name= granularity=GLOBAL AND PARTITION
DBMS_STATS: End of construct analyze using sql.
DBMS_STATS: Finished table CBO_TEST.TEST_STATS. at 19.08.19 17:07:45,683000000 +02:00
DBMS_STATS: reporting_man_update_task: objn: 72921 auto_stats: FALSE status: COMPLETED ctx.batching_coeff: 0
PL/SQL-Prozedur erfolgreich abgeschlossen.
SQL>
SQL> -- Testcase 4: Three distinct values in three rows and all other rows have NULL
SQL> -- This scenario extracts the values directly from the ROWIDs returned from the main query, no separate query
SQL> -- Applies to two distinct values, too
SQL> -- So a single distinct value looks like a special case that triggers a separate query
SQL> -- If this is with combination of almost all rows having NULLs this query doesn't use sampling
SQL> -- ! Big threat if the table is big !
SQL> drop table test_stats purge;
Tabelle wurde geloscht.
SQL>
SQL> create table test_stats
2 as
3 select /*+ NO_GATHER_OPTIMIZER_STATISTICS */
4 rownum as id,
5 case when rownum <= 2 then rownum else null end as almost_null
6 from
7 (select /*+ cardinality(1000) */ null from dual connect by level <= 1000) a,
8 (select /*+ cardinality(1000) */ null from dual connect by level <= 1000) b
9 ;
Tabelle wurde erstellt.
SQL>
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(null, 'test_stats', method_opt => 'for columns size 1 id for columns size 254 almost_null')
DBMS_STATS: Record gather table stats operation on table : test_stats
DBMS_STATS: job name:
DBMS_STATS: |--> Operation id: 226
DBMS_STATS: gather_table_stats:
0
1000000
1000000
6
1001984
1000000
3979802
1
Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
2
Typ=2 Len=2: c4,2
3
2
0
2
2
4
2
AAARzaAAPAAAACBAAB,1,AAARzaAAPAAAACBAAA,1,
4
Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
5
Typ=2 Len=2: c1,3
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 1
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ID 3979802 1000000 NULL NULL NULL 1001984 NULL 0 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min:
DBMS_STATS: max:
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 2
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ALMOST_NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL 7 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min:
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,3
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 2
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ALMOST_NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL 7 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,3
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 1
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ID 3979802 1000000 NULL NULL NULL 1001984 NULL 0 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max:
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 1
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ID 3979802 1000000 NULL NULL NULL 1001984 NULL 0 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c4,2
DBMS_STATS: process_raw_crec() for 2
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ALMOST_NULL 4 2 NULL NULL NULL 2 NULL 7 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,3
DBMS_STATS: start processing top n values for column "ALMOST_NULL"
DBMS_STATS: Parsing topn values..
DBMS_STATS: Extracted 2 rowid-freq pairs.
DBMS_STATS: topn sql (len: 438):
DBMS_STATS: +++ select /*+ no_parallel(t) no_parallel_index(t) dbms_stats cursor_sharing_exact use_weak_name_resl dynamic_sampling(0) no_monitoring xmlindex_sel_idx_tbl opt_param('optimizer_inmemory_aware' 'false') no_substrb_pad */ substrb(dump("ALMOST_NULL",16,0,64),1,240) d_1773304655, rowidtochar(rowid) rwid from "CBO_TEST"."TEST_STATS" t where rowid in (chartorowid('AAARzaAAPAAAACBAAA'),chartorowid('AAARzaAAPAAAACBAAB')) order by "ALMOST_NULL"
DBMS_STATS: start executing top n value query..
DBMS_STATS: Starting query at 19.08.19 17:07:46,464000000 +02:00
DBMS_STATS: select /*+ no_parallel(t) no_parallel_index(t) dbms_stats cursor_sharing_exact use_weak_name_resl dynamic_sampling(0) no_monitoring xmlindex_sel_idx_tbl opt_param('optimizer_inmemory_aware' 'false') no_substrb_pad */ substrb(dump("ALMOST_NULL",16,0,64),1,240) d_1773304655, rowidtochar(rowid) rwid from "CBO_TEST"."TEST_STATS" t where rowid in (chartorowid('AAARzaAAPAAAACBAAA'),chartorowid('AAARzaAAPAAAACBAAB')) order by "ALMOST_NULL"
DBMS_STATS: removal_count: -252 total_nonnull_rows: 2 mnb: 254
DBMS_STATS: hist_type in exec_get_topn: 1024 ndv:2 mnb:254
DBMS_STATS: Evaluating frequency histogram for col: "ALMOST_NULL"
DBMS_STATS: number of values = 2, max # of buckects = 254, pct = 100, ssize = 2
DBMS_STATS: csr.hreq: 1 Histogram gathering flags: 1031
DBMS_STATS: done_hist in process_topn: TRUE csr.ccnt: 1
DBMS_STATS: Mark column "ALMOST_NULL" as top N computed
DBMS_STATS: no histogram: setting density to 1/ndv (,000001)
DBMS_STATS: Skip topn computed column "ALMOST_NULL" numhist: 0
DBMS_STATS: Start fill_cstats - hybrid_enabled: TRUE
DBMS_STATS: ====================================================================================================
DBMS_STATS: Statistics from clist for CBO_TEST.TEST_STATS:
DBMS_STATS: ====================================================================================================
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ID 4,979802 1000000 0 1000000 1000000 1000000 ,000001 0 0 0
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c4,2
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: COL_NAME ACL SNNV NV SNNVDV NDV SNDV DENS HGATH HIND CCNT
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: ALMOST_NULL 1,000004 2 999998 2 2 2 ,25 1286 1 1
DBMS_STATS: min: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: max: Typ=2 Len=2: c1,3
DBMS_STATS: Histograms:
DBMS_STATS: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: BVAL RPCNT EAVAL ENVAL EDVAL
DBMS_STATS: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: 1 C102 1 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
DBMS_STATS: 2 C103 2 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,3
DBMS_STATS: Need Actual Values (DSC_EAVS)
DBMS_STATS: Histogram Type: FREQUENCY Data Type: 2
DBMS_STATS: Histogram Flags: 4100 Histogram Gathering Flags: 1286
DBMS_STATS: Incremental: FALSE Fix Control 13583722: 1
DBMS_STATS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBMS_STATS: Number of rows in the table = 1000000, blocks = , average row length = 6, chain count = , scan rate = 0, sample size = 1000000, cstats.count = 4, cind = 4
DBMS_STATS: prepare reporting structures...
DBMS_STATS: gather_ext_col_stats 1: tbl_owner=CBO_TEST tbl_name=TEST_STATS col_name=ID part_name= granularity=GLOBAL AND PARTITION
DBMS_STATS: gather_ext_col_stats 1: tbl_owner=CBO_TEST tbl_name=TEST_STATS col_name=ALMOST_NULL part_name= granularity=GLOBAL AND PARTITION
DBMS_STATS: End of construct analyze using sql.
DBMS_STATS: Finished table CBO_TEST.TEST_STATS. at 19.08.19 17:07:46,464000000 +02:00
DBMS_STATS: reporting_man_update_task: objn: 72922 auto_stats: FALSE status: COMPLETED ctx.batching_coeff: 0
PL/SQL-Prozedur erfolgreich abgeschlossen.
SQL>
So this test case shows that in case of a column having more than a single value the code happily extracts the required information using the ROWIDs collected during the main pass and doesn't require a separate pass (Test cases 3 and 4), but in the special case of a single valued column it bails out and runs a separate query typically using sampling, except for the edge case of a single valued column having NULLs in most of the rows (Test cases 1 and 2).
I've discussed this issue with Nigel Bayliss, the optimizer product manager at Oracle, and he agreed that it looks like a bug - and created a corresponding bug (Bug 30205756 - FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM NOT CREATED USING FULL ROW SAMPLE, which is probably not marked as public), just in case you come across this issue and want to provide this reference to Oracle Support.
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